Research status and development prospects of nanomaterials

Nano is the transliteration of the English namometer. It is a metrical unit of measurement. 1 nanometer is one billionth of a meter; it is equivalent to the length of 45 atoms. Generally speaking, it is equivalent to one-tenth of a millimeter of hair. Just like millimeters and micrometers, nanometer is a scale concept with no physical connotation. When the material reaches the nanometer scale, it is about 1 to 100 nanometers, and the properties of the material will be abrupt and special properties will appear. This kind of material which is different from the original composition of atoms, molecules, and special properties of macroscopic materials, is a nanomaterial. If it is only a material whose scale reaches nanometer and has no special properties, it cannot be called nanomaterial. In the past, people only paid attention to atoms, molecules or space. They often ignored this area, and this field actually existed in nature in large numbers, but it did not recognize the performance of this scale range before. The first one to truly recognize its performance and to cite the nano-concept was Japanese scientists who used the evaporation method to prepare ultrafine ions in the 1970s and discovered by studying its properties: a conductive, thermally conductive copper, silver conductor After becoming a nanometer scale, it loses its original properties and exhibits neither electrical conductivity nor thermal conductivity. The same is true for magnetic materials, like iron-cobalt alloys, which are made up to about 20-30 nanometers in size, and the magnetic domain becomes a single magnetic domain, and its magnetic properties are 1000 times higher than the original. In the 1980s, such materials were officially named as nanomaterials.

In the 21st century full of vitality, the rapid development of information, biotechnology, energy, environment, advanced manufacturing technology and national defense will inevitably put new demands on materials, miniaturization, intelligence, high integration, high-density storage and ultra-fast transmission of components. The size requirements for materials are getting smaller and smaller; aerospace, new military equipment and advanced manufacturing technologies are increasingly demanding material properties. Innovation in new materials and new technologies induced on this basis. The innovation of new products is the most influential strategic research field for social development, economic revitalization and national strength in the next 10 years. Nanomaterials will be one of the key materials that play an important role. Nanomaterials and nanostructures are the most dynamic research objects in the field of new materials research, and have important influence on future economic and social development. They are also the most active and close application of nanotechnology. In recent years, nanomaterials and nanostructures have achieved remarkable results. For example, a quantum disk with a magnetic nanorod array of 400G per square centimeter, a high-efficiency nano-array laser with low cost and adjustable illuminating frequency band, a nano-structured solar cell with low cost and high energy conversion, and a thermoelectric conversion element, used as a railgun The advent of the ablation-resistant high-strength and high-toughness nanocomposites of the track has fully demonstrated its great potential for application in the new pillar industries of the national economy and high-tech fields. Just as the American scientists estimate, "this tiny substance that people can't see with the naked eye is likely to bring a revolution to all fields." The application of nanomaterials and nanostructures will provide new opportunities for how to adjust the layout of the pillar industries of the national economy, design new products, form new industries and transform traditional industries into high-tech content.

The important scientific significance of studying nanomaterials and nanostructures is that it opens up a new level of understanding of nature and is the source of knowledge innovation. Since the size of nanostructured units (1 to 100 urn) is comparable to many characteristic lengths of matter, such as electron Deblow wavelength, superconducting coherence length, tunneling barrier thickness, and ferromagnetic critical dimension, resulting in nanomaterials and nanometers. The physical and chemical properties of a structure are different from microscopic atoms, molecules, and macroscopic objects, thus extending the ability of people to explore nature and create knowledge to be between macroscopic and microscopic objects. Finding new phenomena in the nano-field, understanding new laws, proposing new concepts, establishing new theories, laying the foundation for constructing a new framework for nanomaterial science systems, will also greatly enrich the research connotations of new fields such as nanophysics and nanochemistry. High-toughness nano-ceramics and super-strong nano-metals at the turn of the century are still important research topics in the field of nano-materials; nano-structure design, heterogeneous, heterogeneous and different properties of nano-primary elements (zero-dimensional nanoparticles, one-dimensional nanotubes, A combination of nanorods and nanowires). Surface modification and modification of nanoscale motifs have formed a new hotspot in the research of nanomaterials. People can have more degrees of freedom to synthesize new materials with special properties according to their own wishes. The use of new physical properties, new principles, new methods to design nanostructured principle devices and nanocomposite traditional materials modification is gestating new breakthroughs.

1. Study shapes and trends
The nanotechnology produced by the Institute of Nanomaterials Preparation and Application is likely to become the leading technology in the first 20 years of the next century, driving the development of the nano industry. At the turn of the century, the world's advanced countries have re-distributed nanomaterials research from the perspective of future development strategies. At the critical moment of the millennium, they have met new challenges, grasped the project of nanomaterials and cymetic structures, and quickly organized scientific and technological personnel to focus on the goals set by the state. Research is very important.

The achievements of nanomaterials in the birth of the state over the years and the impact and penetration of various fields have been eye-catching. In the 1990s, the connotation of nanomaterial research continued to expand and the field gradually expanded. An outstanding feature is that the connection between basic research and applied research is very close, and the speed of transformation of laboratory results is unexpected. Basic research and applied research have made important progress. In the United States, nano-Cu materials with a grain size of 50 urn have been successfully prepared, and the hardness is 5 times higher than that of coarse-grained Cu; the grain of 7 urn Pd has a yield stress 5 times higher than that of the coarse-grained Pd; and the high-strength intermetallic compound increases. The plastic problem has always attracted people's attention, and the nanocrystallization of the grain has brought hope to solve this problem.

According to the development trend of nanomaterials and its important position in the development of high-tech in the century, the governments of developed countries in the world are deploying the research plan of nanotechnology for 10-15 years. In 1998, the National Fund Board (NSF) invited the synthesis and processing of nano-functional materials as an important basic research project to the national science and technology community. In several programs of the US DARPA (National Advanced Technology Research Department), nanotechnology was also considered as an important research. Objects; Japan has developed various plans for nanotechnology research in recent years, such as the Ogala program, the ERATO program, and the basic principles of quantum functional devices and research programs for device utilization. In 1997, nanotechnology invested $128 million; German research technology The Ministry helped the federal government develop a plan to develop nanotechnology from 1995 to 2010; the British government invested heavily in research on nanotechnology; in 1997, Western Europe invested 120 million US dollars. According to the latest report of Nature on July 8, 1999, the potential of nanomaterials has attracted the attention of the White House. US President Bill Clinton personally questioned the research of nanomaterials and nanotechnology, and decided to increase investment. The funding for the next three years will be from $250 million. Increase to $500 million. This shows that the research boom of nanomaterials and nanostructures has continued to develop for a long period of time in the next century.

2. International dynamics and development strategy
On July 8, 1999, Nature (volume 400) released an important message entitled "The US government plans to increase investment to support the rise of nanotechnology." In this article, it is reported that the US government has doubled its investment in nanotechnology research within three years, from $250 million to $500 million. President Clinton will submit a bill to support Congress for nanotechnology research in February next year. In order to accelerate the study of nanomaterials and technologies in the United States, the White House has taken temporary emergency measures to increase the original funding of $197 million to $250 million. "Business Weekly" reported on August 19 that the US government decided to list nanotechnology research in one of the 11 key areas of the first decade of the 21st century. "Business Weekly" is in the three fields that may make important breakthroughs in the 21st century. This includes the field of nanotechnology (the other two are life sciences and biotechnology, which derive energy from the outer planet). The reason why the White House suddenly looked at nanomaterials and technology at the critical moment of the end of the 20th century was due to two reasons: First, the German Ministry of Science and Technology made a prediction for the market of nanotechnology in 2010, which is estimated to be achieved. With $1.44 billion, the United States is trying to take a significant share of such an attractive market. Williams, the head of basic research in the United States, said that the original application of nanotechnology far exceeds the computer industry. The White House Strategic Planning Office also believes that nanomaterials are the most important component of nanotechnology.

The report in Nature also mentions that the United States has led the world in nanostructure assembly systems and high-specific surface nanoparticle preparation and synthesis, in nano-functional coating design modification and nano-materials in biotechnology applications and Europe. The community is tied for the first place in the world, and nano-sized components and nano-solids also have to compete with Japan. In July 1999, the University of California, Los Angeles, and the Hewlett-Packard Company cooperated to develop a successful 100urn chip. The University of Minnesota and Princeton University produced a successful quantum disk in 1998. The disk is a nanometer composed of magnetic nanorods. Array system, the density of 10bit / s size has reached 109bit / s, the United States merchants have organized the relevant personnel to quickly convert, the market is expected to be 40 billion US dollars in 2005. In 1988, the French first discovered the giant magnetoresistance effect. By 1997, nanostructured devices with the principle of giant magnetoresistance have been introduced in the United States, and there will be important application prospects in magnetic storage, magnetic memory and computer read/write heads.

Recently, the research department of Kodak Company of the United States has successfully studied a new type of nano-powder with the function of pigment and molecular dye, which is expected to bring revolutionary changes to color printing. Nano-powder materials are likely to inject new high-tech content into traditional industries and products in the modification of rubber, pigments and ceramics, and occupy an important market share in the future. The application of nanomaterials in medicine is also eye-catching. It is these studies that have made the White House recognize that nanomaterials and technology will occupy an important strategic position. The second reason is that the field of nanomaterials and technology is the source of knowledge innovation and technological innovation. The discovery of new laws and new principles and the establishment of new theories have provided new opportunities for basic science. The United States plans to monopolize the basic research in this field. "The status."

China's nanomaterials research began in the late 1980s. During the "Eighth Five-Year Plan" period, "Nanomaterial Science" was included in the national climbing project. The National Natural Science Foundation of China, the National Academy of Sciences, and the State Education Commission organized eight major and key projects, and organized relevant scientific and technical personnel to work in various branches of nanomaterials. The National Natural Science Foundation of China also funded more than 20 topics. The “863” new material theme also conducts research on the topic of high-tech innovation in nanomaterials. Since 1996, the application research of nanomaterials has shown a gratifying trend. The intervention of local governments and some entrepreneurs has enabled the research of nanomaterials in China to enter a new situation of applied research through basic research.

At present, there are more than 60 research groups in China, and more than 600 people are engaged in the basic and applied research of nanomaterials. The units that undertake the major national basic research projects and the research on nanomaterials are relatively early: Shanghai University of Science and Technology Institute, Nanjing University. Institute of Solid State Physics, Institute of Metal Research, Institute of Physics, National University of Science and Technology, Institute of Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences, Tsinghua University, Jilin University, Northeastern University, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Tianjin University, Qingdao Institute of Chemical Technology, East China Normal University East China University of Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Physics, Institute of Photographic Chemistry, etc. have also carried out basic research and applied research of nanomaterials. China's nanomaterials basic research has achieved remarkable research results in the past 10 years. A variety of physical and chemical methods have been used to prepare metal and alloy (crystalline, amorphous and nanocrystalline) oxides, nitrides, carbides and other nano-powders, and corresponding equipment has been established to achieve nano-particles. The size is controllable and made into nano film and block. It has made innovations in the characterization of nanomaterials, the origin and elimination of agglomerates, surface adsorption and desorption, the preparation of nanocomposite particles and powders, and has made significant progress, successfully developing high density, Nano-ceramics with complex shapes and superior performance; it is found for the first time in the world that nano-alumina grains exhibit superplastic deformation in the tensile fatigue stress region; in the giant magnetoresistance effect, magneto-optical effect and spin wave resonance of the particle film Innovative results have been made; the magnetic enthalpy of nano-perovskite compound particles has been found to exceed the metal Gd for the first time in the world; the new nano-composite oxide system has been designed and prepared, and their infrared waves have been in function in recent years. Material research has achieved remarkable results that have attracted worldwide attention and attracted international attention. First, the synthesis of large-area directional carbon tube arrays: the use of chemical vapor phase method to efficiently prepare pure carbon nanotubes. The nanotubes synthesized by this technique have the same pore size, about 20 urn, length of about 100 pm, and nanotube array area of ​​3 mm. The orientation is high and the spacing between the carbon nanotubes is 100 pm. Such large-area oriented carbon nanotube arrays have important application prospects in field emission cathodes of flat panels. This article was published in the 1996 issue of the journal Science. The second is the preparation of ultra-long carbon nanotubes: for the first time, large-scale aligned carbon nanotube arrays with a length of 2 to 3 mm were prepared in large quantities. Such ultra-long carbon nanotubes are increased by one to two orders of magnitude over the length of existing carbon nanotubes. The results have been published in the British magazine Nature in August 1998. The British "Financial Times" introduced the work on long nanotubes with the title "Carbon nanotubes entering a long stage". The third is the preparation of nitrided nanorods: the first use of carbon nanotubes as a template to successfully prepare blue-emitting nitride-like one-dimensional nanorods with a diameter of 3 to 40 urn and a length of micron, and proposed a carbon nanotube limiting reaction. the concept of. The achievement was named one of the top ten national science and technology news in 1998. The fourth is the successful development of carbon nanotube arrays on silicon substrates, and the application of carbon nanotubes in field emission planes and nanodevices. The fifth is the preparation of successful one-dimensional nanowires and nano-cables. After the research paper presented in Sweden at the 4th International Nano Conference in 1998, many foreign scientists gave high marks. Sixth, the nano-nitride crystallites were prepared by the benzene thermal method; the non-aqueous solvothermal synthesis technology was discovered, and the zinc nitride crystallites with a particle size of 30 urn were firstly formed at about 300 °C. Chromium nitride (CrN), cobalt phosphide (COP) and strontium sulfide (SbS) nanocrystallites were also prepared by benzene synthesis. The paper was published in the 1997 issue of Science. Seventh, nano-diamond was prepared by catalytic pyrolysis; diamond nano-powder was prepared by reacting carbon tetrachloride and sodium in a thermostat (70 °C) catalytic pyrolysis method. The paper was published in the 1998 issue of Science. The US "Chemistry and Engineering News" magazine also published a paper entitled "The straw becomes gold - made from carbon tetrachloride (CC14)", which is highly praised.

China's research on nanomaterials and nanostructures has accumulated 10 years of work and work. Based on the research work of the Eighth Five-Year Plan, several nanomaterial research bases have been formed. Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Institute of Science and Technology, Nanjing University The Institute of Solid Physics of the Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Metals of the Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Physics, the National University of Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, and the Institute of Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences have formed important units for the basic research of nanomaterials and nanostructures in China. Regardless of the forward-looking and basic nature of the research object, or the academic level and applicability of the results, it is a place for China's nanomaterial research to gain a place in the world, promote the development of nanomaterial research in China, and cultivate high-level nanomaterial research. Talent has contributed. In the convergence of basic research and applied research of nanomaterials, it has also played an important role in accelerating the transformation of results. These units are still a strong force in the research of nanomaterials and nanostructures in China at present and in the future.

In the past 10 years, China has established a variety of physical and chemical methods for the preparation of nanomaterials, and developed more than 10 devices for preparing nanomaterials such as gas evaporation, magnetron sputtering, laser induced CVD, plasma heating and gas phase synthesis, and developed chemistry. Coprecipitation, sol-gel, microemulsion hydrothermal, non-aqueous solvent synthesis, and supercritical liquid phase synthesis to prepare a variety of nanomaterials including metals, alloys, oxides, nitrides, carbides, ionic crystals, and semiconductors, A variety of nanocomposites with excellent properties have been developed. In recent years, according to the development trend of international nanomaterials research, various methods for preparing nanostructures (such as nano-ordered array system, mesoporous assembly system, MCM-41, etc.) have been established and developed, especially self-assembly and molecular Self-assembly, template synthesis, carbothermal reduction, droplet epitaxial growth, mesoporous growth, etc. have also accumulated rich experience, and have successfully prepared a variety of quasi-one-dimensional nanomaterials and nano-assembly systems. These methods have laid a good foundation for further research on the physical properties of nanostructures and quasi-nano materials and their application in nanostructure devices. The evaluation methods of nanomaterials and nanostructures are basically complete, reaching the advanced level in the international market in the late 1990s. The absorption rate of the segment can reach 92%, and it is applied in infrared warm fiber. A new method for preparing nano-alloy by complete crystallization is developed. The anomalous Hall-Petch effect of fully dense nano-alloy is found.

In summary, during the “Eighth Five-Year Plan” period, China has obtained a number of innovative achievements in the research of nanomaterials, forming a high-level scientific research team. Basic research has a place in the international arena, and application development research has also emerged. The situation has laid the foundation for the continued development of nanomaterials research in China. In the past 10 years, Chinese scientists and technicians have published more than 2,400 papers on nanomaterials and nanostructures in academic journals at home and abroad, ranking fifth in the world, and their carbon nanotubes and nanoclusters in the 1998 European Document Information Exchange Conference. A research report from the Max Planck Institute of Solidarity in Germany reported that the scientific and technical workers published papers surpassed Germany and ranked third in the international rankings. At the international conference on nanomaterials and nanostructures held in the world, China's nanomaterials technology work A total of 24 invitation reports were made. So far, nanomaterial research has won one third prize of the National Natural Science Award, two national invention awards; three first and second prizes of the natural science at the department and department level, three first prizes for invention, and one special prize for scientific and technological progress; It has applied for 79 patents, its invention patents accounted for 50%, 6 invention patents have been formally authorized, and 6 invention patents have been realized. In recent years, China's nano-scientific workers have published some influential academic papers in the world, which has aroused the attention and praise of international counterparts. Published 6 papers on the preparation of nanomaterials and nanostructures in Nature and Science, and nearly 20 academic papers with impact factors above 6 (Phys.Rev.Lett, J.AIn.Chem.Soc.) For the 31 articles with an impact factor of 3 or more, the articles included in SCI and EI accounted for 59% of the total published papers. At the 4th International Conference on Nanomaterials held in Stockholm, Sweden in June 1998, he gave high praise to the research on nanomaterials in the country. He pointed out that in the past few years, the country has achieved exciting results in the preparation of nanomaterials. In the conference, the eight nanomaterial research projects were selected and the countries that have achieved good results were introduced at the closing ceremony. The country made speeches after the United States, Japan, Germany, and Sweden.

4 nano industry development trend
(1) Nanotechnology in the information industry: The information industry is not only in foreign countries, but also plays a pivotal role in China. In 2000, the country's information industry created a GDP of 580 billion yuan. The application of nanotechnology in the information industry is mainly manifested in three aspects: 1 network communication, broadband network communication, nanostructure devices, chip technology and high definition digital display technology. Because the communication device, the integrated device or the display device, the original device, the United States has begun to develop, and now has a single electronic device, tunneling electronic device, spintronic device, this device has been successfully developed in the laboratory, and may be in 2001 Enter the market in the year. 2 Optoelectronic devices, molecular electronic devices, giant magnetoelectronic devices, China is still very backward in this respect, but these original devices have to be turned into commodities for 10 years, so the country must go ahead of these 15 to 20 years. the study. 3 The key nano-devices of network communication, such as network communication laser, filter, resonator, micro-capacitor, micro-electrode, etc., China's research level is not behind, there is in Anhui Province. 4 varistor, non-linear resistance, etc., can be modified by adding zinc oxide nanomaterials.

(2) Nanotechnology in the environmental industry: Nanotechnology is an irreplaceable technology for the degradation of 20 nanometers of air and 200 nanometers of water. To purify the environment, nanotechnology must be used. We have now successfully prepared a device capable of degrading formaldehyde, nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide, which can reduce the harmful gas of air greater than 10ppm to 0.1ppm. The device has entered the practical production stage; Catalytic nanomaterials have been successfully used for the degradation of organic matter in sewage, and have good degradation effects on organic pollutants such as phenol which are difficult to degrade by other conventional techniques. In recent years, many companies have been committed to transplanting nanotechnology such as photocatalysis to the water treatment industry for improving the quality of water, and have achieved initial results. The use of rare earth cerium oxide and precious metal nanocomposite technology to transform automotive exhaust gas treatment devices is also effective. Obviously; the pollution caused by algae in freshwater lakes has recently been successfully studied in the laboratory.

(3) Nanotechnology for energy and environmental protection: Rational use of traditional energy and development of new energy is an important task for China now and in the future. In the rational use of traditional energy, it is now mainly a purifying agent and a combustion improver, which can fully burn coal, and when combustion is self-circulating, so that sulfur can be reduced, no auxiliary equipment is needed. In addition, the use of nano-modified gasoline, diesel additives has been, in fact, it is a liquid small molecule combustible cluster material, which has a role in combustion and purification. Foreign countries have made rapid progress in developing new energy sources, that is, turning non-combustible gases into combustible gases. Nowadays, the main research and development of energy conversion materials in the world is also done in China. It includes converting solar energy into electrical energy, converting thermal energy into electrical energy, and converting chemical energy into electrical energy.

(4) Nanobiomedicine: This is one of the most promising areas after China entered the WTO. At present, the international pharmaceutical industry is facing new decisions, which is to develop the pharmaceutical industry at the nanometer scale. Nanobiomedicine is the extraction of the necessary substances from animals and plants, and then combined at the nanoscale to maximize the efficacy of the drug, which is precisely the idea of ​​Chinese medicine. After extracting the essence, it uses a small skeleton, such as sugar and starch absorbable by the human body, to efficiently release and target the drug. For the improvement of traditional medicine, the use of nanotechnology can improve a grade.

(5) Nano-new materials: Although nano-new materials are not the final products, they are very important. According to US estimates, by the 1930s, 40% of steel and metal materials in automobiles should be replaced by lightweight high-strength materials, which can save 40% of gasoline, reduce CO2, and discharge 40%. The United States has created a social benefit of $100 billion. In addition, there are various functional materials, the glass has good transparency but heavy weight, and it is improved with nanometer to make it lighter, so that this material not only has mechanical properties, but also has other functions, as well as light discoloration and light storage. Reflects various ultraviolet, infrared, light absorption, storage and other functions.

(6) Nanotechnology transformation of traditional industries: For the country, it is currently the best opportunity for nanotechnology to cut into traditional industries and combine nanotechnology with technology in various fields. The first is the home appliance, light industry, and electronics industries. Hefei Meiling Group has been developing nano-refrigerators since 1996. The foldable PVC magnetic refrigerator door seals are not moldy, using antibacterial coatings. The fruit bowls inside are made of nano-materials. The development of light industry, electronics and household appliances can drive paints, materials and electronics. The development of the original device and other industries; followed by textile. Man-made fiber is the development trend of chemical fiber and textile industry. National textiles can occupy a favorable position after entering the WTO. Now it is necessary to apply nanotechnology and nano materials in all aspects. Last year, the TV publicity about insulation and insulation clothes mentioned the application of nanotechnology, special functions such as anti-static, flame-retardant, etc., and the nano-conductive materials are assembled inside, which can be under high pressure of 110,000 volts. Shielding the human body, in this respect, the application of nanotechnology in the textile industry is promising; the third is the power industry. Utilizing nanotechnology to transform 200,000 volt and 110,000 volt transformer-transfer porcelain bottles, it can improve the electric shock resistance of 110,000 volt porcelain bottles in all directions, and the glaze is not frosted, and other comprehensive properties are very good. The fourth is the building materials industry. Paints and coatings, including various ceramic glazes, inks, nanotechnology interventions, can upgrade product performance.

On August 20, 1999, Business Week, in the field of possible breakthroughs in the 21st century, predicted and evaluated life sciences and biotechnology, nanoscience and nanotechnology, and demanding energy from extraterrestrial planets. Point out that this is a new challenge and opportunity for mankind to enter the 21st century. Nobel laureate Lorell also said that countries that value micrometers in the 1970s are now developed countries, and countries that now value nanotechnology are likely to become advanced countries in the next century. The challenges are severe and the opportunities are rare. We must pay more attention to the research of nanotechnology, pay attention to the intersection of nanotechnology and other fields, accelerate knowledge innovation and technological innovation, and lay a solid foundation for the economic development of the 21st century.

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