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Commonly used fertilizers and characteristics are as follows:
Fertilizers can be generally divided into organic fertilizers, inorganic fertilizers and inorganic organic compound fertilizers according to chemical composition; according to the types of active ingredients required by plants, they can be divided into single fertilizers, compound fertilizers and total nutrient fertilizers; according to the rate of fertilizer supply, It is a quick-acting fertilizer and slow-acting (controlled release) fertilizer; it can be divided into solid fertilizer, liquid fertilizer and gaseous fertilizer according to the state of matter. There are other classification methods. From the current classification of organic fertilizers, inorganic fertilizers and inorganic-organic compound fertilizers, the relationship between fertilizers and green food production is discussed from an ecological point of view.
Organic Fertilizer
The organic fertilizer type manufacturing process can be divided into traditional organic fertilizers that are directly applied to the biological wastes such as animal and plant residues and excreta in the countryside, or traditionally produced by traditional means of production, and modern organically produced by modern science and technology. fat.
1. Traditional organic fertilizer
Directly applied as fertilizer: cake fertilizer, green manure, straw directly returned to the field, mud fertilizer, etc.; after being decomposed by heaping and hoeing, the application is: composting, manure, manure, biogas fertilizer, etc. Such fertilizers are generally applied as base fertilizers, and human excrement and biogas fertilizer can be used as top dressings.
The application of traditional organic fertilizer can not only provide comprehensive nutrition for agricultural plants, but also has long fertilizer efficiency, can increase and update soil organic matter, promote microbial reproduction, improve soil physical and chemical properties and biological activity, and is the main nutrient source for green food production.
In addition, there are foods including organic waste and non-synthetic additives, organic by-products of the textile industry, and also good organic fertilizers. Such as: sawdust, shavings, wood waste and other components of fertilizer; also includes preservative-free fish residue, beef wool waste, bone meal, amino acid residues, poultry and livestock processing waste, sugar factory waste and other organic materials made of fertilizer.
2, modern organic fertilizer
Including microbial fertilizers (also known as bacterial fertilizers, bio-organic fertilizers), humus fertilizers and synthetic organic fertilizers.
(1) Microbial Fertilizer It refers to a preparation having active microorganisms produced by culture of a specific microorganism species. It is non-toxic and harmless, and it does not pollute the environment. It can increase the nutrition of plants or produce plant growth hormone through the vitality of specific microorganisms, promote plant growth and reduce plant diseases. This type of fertilizer is generally used as a seed fertilizer or base fertilizer. Because its main component is a microbial organism, it is not an effective nutrient for a large number of plants. It is an auxiliary fertilizer that decomposes organic matter and minerals through life activities and converts them into plants. It can absorb the effective state of utilization, increase the nutrition of plants, or produce plant growth hormone, etc., to promote plant growth and reduce plant diseases. Therefore, the purity, the amount of live bacteria and the application of chemical fertilizers and traditional organic fertilizers at the time of application are the key to good fertilizer performance. That is to say, when the application is high, the purity is high, and the amount of live bacteria is large, and the application effect of the chemical fertilizer and the traditional organic fertilizer is good, otherwise it is poor.
According to the microbial fertilizer to improve the difference of plant nutrient elements, it can be divided into the following categories: rhizobial fertilizer (with peanut, soybean, mung bean and other rhizobial agents), nitrogen-fixing bacteria fertilizer (with autotrophic nitrogen-fixing bacteria, combined nitrogen-fixing bacteria, etc.), Phosphate bacterial fertilizer (phosphorus bacteria, phosphate solubilizing fungi, mycorrhizal fungi, etc.), silicate bacterial fertilizer (also known as biological potassium fertilizer), complex bacterial fertilizer (can activate two nutrients and above, and can effectively improve plant disease resistance Ability) and so on.
(2) Humus-based fertilizers are fertilizers that are processed from peat, lignite, and weathered coal, which are rich in humic acids. Its structure is similar to soil humus. It can promote plant growth and development, early maturity, increase yield and improve quality. Such fertilizers are generally used as base fertilizers. When the amount is large, the physical and chemical properties of the soil can be significantly improved and the soil fertility can be improved.
(3) Synthetic organic fertilizer refers to an organic fertilizer that chemically combines the gas that most plants cannot absorb or the organic matter that does not contain plant mineral nutrients with the mineral elements required by plants, and can effectively improve the organic fertilizer. The availability and availability of mineral elements required. At present, the nutrient type of synthetic organic fertilizer is relatively simple, and it is generally a single element fertilizer. For example, nitrogen can be used in the synthesis tower to synthesize urea, urea can be combined with formaldehyde or acetaldehyde to synthesize slow-release urea-formaldehyde fertilizer, urea and humic acid to synthesize sustained-release rot urea, and EDTA and DTPA iron. Salt, zinc salt, etc.
Water-soluble small-molecule urea has been widely produced and widely used. It is commonly used as top dressing and base fertilizer; slow-release urea-formaldehyde fertilizer and humic acid as base fertilizer; EDTA and DTPA iron and zinc salts are mainly used for no Soil cultivation, in fact, it can also be used for root dressing and base fertilizer. In addition to urea, other synthetic fertilizers have not been widely applied, but their superior fertilizer efficiency and ecological effects are increasingly favored by experts and scholars. With the development of China's fertilizer industry, slow release urea-formaldehyde fertilizers and humic acid and EDTA and DTPA Iron salts, zinc salts and the like will gradually be widely used and popularized.
Inorganic fertilizer
Inorganic fertilizers are made from minerals or gases in the factory by physical or chemical methods and are a type of fertilizer. Nutrients are inorganic salts that contain various nutrients required by plants and are referred to as corresponding fertilizers. Such as nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer, potassium fertilizer, etc. Generally, two or more of the three nutrients required for plants containing nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are called compound fertilizers. The main inorganic fertilizers are: sulfuric acid, carbonic acid, superphosphate, heavy superphosphate, ammonium phosphate, phosphate rock, potassium sulfate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, inorganic compound fertilizer and inorganic materials coated with sulfur. Slow release fertilizer, etc.
The most important feature of these fertilizers is the high effective nutrient content; most of them are water-soluble, in which the nutrient state is directly absorbed and utilized by plants, so the fertilizer efficiency is fast; and the physical properties are good, easy to store, transport and apply, and it is green food production. Indispensable, water-melting inorganic fertilizers are mainly used for topdressing during the vigorous growth period of plants. For example, sulfuric acid, potassium sulfate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate can be topdressed from seed fertilizers and roots; water-insoluble inorganic fertilizers and sulfur are used. A controlled release fertilizer of inorganic coating is used as a base fertilizer.
Organic-inorganic compound fertilizer
It is developed on the basis of good fertilization structure, good fertilizer efficiency, economic benefit and ecological benefit produced by traditional organic and inorganic cooperation. This type of fertilizer is based on the nutrient status of the soil, the absorption of nutrients by plants, the characteristics of each fertilizer, the climatic characteristics of various regions and the cultivation techniques. It is determined by the organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer in the factory. The ratio is mixed and processed. In the process of processing, it has not only achieved harmless treatment, but also improved the poor physical properties such as low nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients, high water content and malodor. This type of fertilizer not only improves the fertilizer efficiency, improves the yield and quality of agricultural products, but also improves the economic benefits and ecological benefits. It is a direction of China's fertilizer development. If the livestock and poultry manure after harmless treatment, add appropriate amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and zinc, manganese, boron, iron and other trace elements of fertilizer; use the fermentation industry waste liquid as raw material, with mushroom cultivation Or a fertilizer made from a waste mixture for poultry.
In addition, the slow-release fertilizer formed by coating the quick-acting water-soluble inorganic fertilizer with the high-molecular organic polymer is also an organic-inorganic compound fertilizer, but it is mainly based on inorganic substances, so it is customary to regard it as inorganic fertilizer.
Fertilizer and green food production
However, it should be pointed out that no matter which kind of fertilizer, it must be harmless, that is, there are no harmful toxic heavy metals, toxic organic substances and harmful organisms (especially zoonotic bacteria and parasite eggs). Fertilization causes the above-mentioned toxic substances to enter the soil, accumulate in the soil, and then enter the food chain through the absorption of plants, contaminating food and endangering human health. The environmental quality conditions such as air, water quality and soil in the production area must also be cleaned up to standard, especially the content of toxic heavy metals in the soil and toxic organic substances that are difficult to degrade. Otherwise, the corresponding pollution-free and green foods cannot be produced.
For fertilizers, the intrinsic quality must be improved. That is to strengthen the inspection and supervision of the production process of chemical fertilizers, from the source to control the appearance of inferior and toxic fertilizers (including toxic organic matter, heavy metals and harmful organisms: such as biuret in urea; toxic heavy metals in phosphate fertilizer), strengthen fertilizer Market inspections, combating counterfeit and shoddy products, prohibiting inferior and toxic fertilizers from flowing into rural areas, damaging farmers, endangering agricultural products, and endangering human health; organic substances that also contain toxic organic matter and heavy metals (by electroplating, printing and dyeing plants, pesticide plants) And various small chemical plants polluted river mud, pond mud, ditch mud, lake mud, etc.) are also prohibited from processing and application as fertilizers.
From the introduction of the classification of commonly used fertilizers in the front, it can also be seen that both organic and inorganic fertilizers have single nutrient and multi-nutrient types; there are also quick-acting and slow-acting types. Moreover, the nutrient types of plants are autotrophic, and most of the nutrients they absorb are water-soluble mineral ions, and a small part are water-soluble organic small molecules, which are producers of organic matter on the earth. Therefore, we must first liberate from the misunderstanding of the current popular only organic fertilizer to produce pollution-free, safe, high-quality, nutritious green food, and correctly consider the relationship between organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer. At the same time, we should increase investment in scientific research, improve the scientific and technological content of fertilizers, strengthen quality management, and provide farmers with new and improved quality organic and inorganic compound fertilizers with comprehensive and nutrient-free and nutrient-free controlled release. We will vigorously promote the application of soil testing and formula fertilization techniques suitable for local climatic conditions and planting crops. On the one hand, we will continuously improve the utilization rate of fertilizers, produce high-quality and high-yield green foods, and on the other hand, continuously improve soil fertility, fertilizing capacity and self-purification capacity. . It is required that the majority of agricultural product producers must master the use of pesticides and veterinary drugs as soon as possible while mastering scientific and rational fertilization techniques, thereby improving the environmental quality of the soil, water quality and air in the producing areas. In addition, the storage, processing and sales of agricultural products must also be completely pollution-free. Only when the whole society acts, establish a good environment, and strictly control the pre-production, mid-production and post-production management, more and better green food can be produced continuously. The environment in which people live can gradually become better. People's life and health can be better protected.
Source: Rugao Agricultural Technology Promotion Center
Common fertilizer types and green food production
Green food is a safe, high-quality, nutritious food without pollution. Rational use of fertilizer is an important part of the production of green food. The use of fertilizer must be limited to no adverse consequences on the environment and plants, and the accumulation of harmful substances in the product will not be accumulated to the limit of human health. The organic matter is returned to the soil, so that the soil microorganisms can obtain sufficient and balanced organic food, and at the same time, sufficient balance of phosphorus, potassium and trace element mineral nutrients can be obtained, the activity of soil beneficial microorganisms is enhanced, and the soil micro-ecology is continuously improved. Improve, the soil organic matter is also effectively updated and improved, so that the soil's fertilizer, fertilizer and self-purification ability are enhanced accordingly, increasing the biological cycle of the biological system, thereby reducing pollution and forming a benign ecological cycle.
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